Which of the following factors does NOT typically influence freshwater ecosystems?

Freshwater ecosystems are shaped by a variety of interrelated factors that influence their health, biodiversity, and overall functioning. Among these, the presence of water quality parameters, flow rate of water, and soil type in adjacent lands are critical components that directly affect aquatic life and habitat sustainability.

Water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of pollutants, are fundamental to the survival of freshwater organisms. These factors determine the suitability of the water for various species, influencing everything from growth rates to reproduction.

The flow rate of water is also essential, as it affects sediment transport, nutrient cycling, and the ecological dynamics of the ecosystem. Different species are adapted to specific flow conditions, and changes in flow can lead to habitat alterations that impact biodiversity.

Soil type in adjacent lands influences runoff and sedimentation patterns, which can determine nutrient levels and habitat structures within the freshwater ecosystem. The composition of soils informs the vegetation that can grow nearby, affecting the amount of organic matter that enters the water body and, in turn, the food web.

While urban development can certainly impact freshwater ecosystems through pollution, habitat destruction, or altered water flows, it is not a natural factor intrinsic to the functioning of the ecosystem itself. Instead, it is a human