What does habitat fragmentation refer to in ecological terms?

Habitat fragmentation refers to the division of larger habitats into smaller, isolated sections, which is precisely what the correct choice captures. This phenomenon typically occurs as a result of human activities, such as urban development, agriculture, and infrastructure expansion, which disrupts continuous ecosystems.

When habitats are fragmented, their size decreases, and the remaining patches become isolated from one another, making it more challenging for species to migrate, find mates, or access resources necessary for survival. This isolation can lead to reduced genetic diversity and increased vulnerability to extinction for species that rely on larger, connected habitats. Consequently, understanding habitat fragmentation is crucial for conservation efforts aimed at protecting biodiversity and maintaining healthy ecosystems.

The other options address processes and concepts that do not align with the definition of habitat fragmentation. For example, restoring damaged ecosystems and enhancing biodiversity through connections pertain to different aspects of ecological management, while habitat expansion into urban areas relates to land use rather than fragmentation specifically.