How do freshwater ecosystems contribute to global biodiversity?

Freshwater ecosystems are vital to global biodiversity because they provide a unique environment that supports a wide array of plant and animal species. These ecosystems, which include rivers, lakes, wetlands, and streams, are critical for various life forms, many of which are specially adapted to freshwater conditions. They serve as breeding grounds for numerous fish species, habitats for amphibians and invertebrates, and refuge for migrating birds.

Furthermore, freshwater ecosystems play a significant role in ecosystem services such as water purification, flood regulation, and carbon storage, which also contribute to the overall health of the planet. This multifunctionality enhances biodiversity by creating niches for different organisms and fostering interactions among various species, promoting resilience and stability within the ecosystem.

In contrast, the other options do not capture the full scope of the contributions of freshwater ecosystems. They may underestimate the richness and complexity of species found in these habitats or mischaracterize their role in ecosystem functions and services.